The Psychological And Physical Aspects Of Hypnosis Philosophy Essay

The Psychological And Physical Aspects Of Hypnosis Philosophy Essay In this essay I am going to look at what hypnosis is. I will look at the definition of the word hypnosis and how it relates to the practice of hypnotherapy. I will then go on to look at the history, paying particular attention to Franz Mesmer and James Braid. We will look at the difference between hypnosis and meditation and the common myths surrounding hypnosis. And also the physical effects hypnosis can have on patients. Hypnosis comes from the Greek word Hypnos which means to sleep. Hypnosis is a state of relaxation where the state of awareness is elevated by suggestion. Forms of hypnosis have been used as long ago as forth century BC, with evidence to support it being used by the ancient Greeks and Romans. We will now look at Franz Anton Mesmer (1734 1815) who was born in Iznang, Germany. Mesmer originally studied medicine, where he published his doctoral, On the influence of the planets on the Human Body. The dissertation discussed the relationship between the human body and disease in relation to the moon and planets. Although this was later thought to be plagiarised from the work of Richard Mead (1673 1754) In 1768 Mesmer married wealthy widow Anna Maria Von Posch and moved to Vienna, where he began his work on what he would later call animal magnetism. Mesmer had always been convinced that he had more magnetic power than most people, and so could work the cures better (Waterfield, 2004: 88) Mesmers work with Franziska Osterlin in 1774, involved her swallowing iron and then placing magnets on the different parts of her body. The patient claimed to feel fluid flowing through her body and several hours later her symptoms had gone. Mesmer however did not believe that this was due to the magnets alone and that it was the animal magnetism that had in fact relieved her of her symptoms. By 1776 Mesmer was surrounded by a scandal after he attempted to restore the vision of Maria Theresia Paradis, a musician who had been blind since birth. Mesmer attempted to restore the musicians sight but subsequently she lost all ability to play the piano and was taken away by her parents and Mesmer was then under speculation of using magic. Mesmer then left Vienna and moved to Paris where he started a medical practice. Whilst in Paris Mesmer worked with individuals and groups, by 1780 Mesmer had too many patients and therefore used a treatment called baquet where he would treat up to 20 people at a time. In 1784 and at the request of King Louis XVI a series of experiments were conducted by members of the Faculty of medicine to distinguish if Mesmer had in fact discovered a new physical fluid. However there was no evidence to prove this and that it was in fact down to the imagination. Mesmer died in 1815 of a stoke and in his last 20 years no one knows of any further work that Mesmer may have done. Alexandre Bertrand (1795 1831) work was of huge significance to the history of hypnosis. He did not agree with Mesmers theory of a mystical fluid and believed that it was the art of suggestion. James Braid (1795 1860) began working on his own method of mesmerisation after witnessing a demonstration which showed subjects going into a physical state quite different to their normal behaviour. After much work Braid changed his theory of it being a sleep-based physiological theory to a psychological theory. Braid believed that hypnotism was a nervous sleep which could be inflicted by staring at a bright object, although much later Braid stated that only a small minority could be affected (only 10%.) Braid used the word hypnosis which led to much confusion as people believe that they would in fact be asleep, Braid did try and later re-name this to monoeidism but people continued to use the word hypnosis, which is what it is still referred to today. Later Braid stopped using bright objects after realising that he could achieve the same outcome simply by talking to his patients with suggestion. He distinguished the shallow and deep phrases or layers of the trance states; the first he called sub-hypnotic and claimed that it was this that the electro-biologists could produce; the second he called the double conscious, because he found his subjects to be dissociated (as we would now say) from their normal states. (Waterfield, 2004: 203) A strong follower of Braids work was Ambroise-Auguste Liebeault (1823 1904) who was the founder of the Nancy School, also known as the Suggestion School believed that the verbal suggestion was a powerful tool in successfully treating medical conditions and believed that everyone could be hypnotized. Due to the controversy surrounding hypnosis and the difficulty in obtaining consent from his patients Liebeault gave his patients a choice. They could either pay for the traditional treatment or consent to hypnotherapy which they could get for free, due to most of Liebeaults patients being poor many agreed to hypnosis, allowing Liebeault to continue to develop hypnosis. Many people have the incorrect belief that meditation and hypnosis are in fact the same thing; however it is important to distinguish the differences. Whilst they do share similar techniques such as visualisation and breathing, meditation is used to free the mind from conscious thought, whereas hypnotherapy is used for a specific outcome. Therefore whilst meditation and hypnotherapy both aim to relax the patient, hypnotherapy will then lead the patient through therapeutic suggestions. This technique can then be used to change the sub-conscious mind, e.g. telling a person who wants to quit smoking that smoking is bad for them. Hypnotherapy is a tool that can be used to deliver messages to the sub-conscious mind. There has been much research done on the physical aspects of hypnosis. A number of scientists who have done such research on this subject believe that there are no physical differences to being under hypnosis and those who are not. These scientists state that although the heart rate who slower this was the same for those who were in a relaxed state. However what has been found to be different is the brain activity. Electroencephalographs or EGGs are used to measure a persons electrical brain activity, the first recorded was in 1929 by Hans Barger. Brain waves look consistently different in people who as awake compare to those who are asleep, and people who are relaxed compare to those who are at full alert. Neurologists believe that the brain has two sides, the right side controls a persons creativity and the left is the logical control centre. Whilst under hypnosis, scientists have found that the left side of the brain has a reduced level of activity. There are four types of brain w aves, beta, alpha, theta and delta. Beta brain waves are when a person is awake and fully conscious. Like I am now whilst writing this, I am fully alert and my conscious mind is in control. Alpha brain waves are what everyone has throughout the day. This is when a person day dreams or closes their eyes to relax. In alpha the subconscious mind is being more dominant over the conscious mind. A person is in a light trance, it is in this state that hypnotic suggestion can have effective results. Theta brain waves can be present when meditating, dreaming or being in the zone. The subconscious mind is totally in control. A hypnotherapist can take you to past experiences and where emotions can be found. Theta brain waves can also be present when doing tasks that a person does often. Such as driving home from work, its a journey that you are used to and know the roads well, but a person can bring themselves out of theta in these situations is order to drive carefully. It is quite common when going into theta on a familiar drive that you cant actually remember part of the journey. Delta brain waves are when we go into our subconscious and no other brain waves are present. Delta is what we experience when we are asleep. Most people do not fall asleep when they are under hypnosis, if this does happen then the client can come back into theta state where they can follow the suggestions given by hypnotherapist. If a client stays in delta then suggestion will not work and it will not be effective in the subconscious mind. There are many myths surrounding hypnosis, which still leads people to be dismissive of this form of therapy. This includes the popular belief that hypnotists have some sort of Special Powers and that they can use these powers to get their patients to do silly things, e.g. cluck like a chicken every time the door bell rings or to say or do something that they do not wish to do. This is not the case and everyone under hypnosis is in control and will not do anything they do not wish to do. If you are under hypnosis and someone tells you to do something that you do not wish to do you simply will not do it and it most cases it will actually bring you out of the hypnotic state. Another myth is that people who have hypnosis are weak minded, it is true that the best patients are those that have a creative imagination and are open to the idea of hypnosis will go into the relaxed state easier and deeper but it is true that everyone is suggestible and therefore it is not that it will only work on weak minded people. It is also a common belief that hypnosis can make a person physically stronger or a better athlete. However hypnosis can only enhance a persons existing physical capabilities. There are many more myths surrounding hypnosis which still leave people reluctant to try this form of therapy, these myths will only disperse once people fully understand what hypnosis is.

The Possibilities of the Gap Year Essay -- The Gap Year Abroad

A gap year is a year off of academics, which provides time to explore interests and help determine career choices, containing both positive and negative aspects to consider. A gap year can be spent in a several ways from internships, working, volunteering, or traveling and exploring interests. It can provide students with life impacting traits that can provide a better future and greater outlook on life. If taken seriously, a gap year can have many positive effects on education and the motivation to continue school. Although gap years can be very expensive, it can overall be an opportunity of a lifetime, to create clear academic goals. Although a gap year is most often taken between high school and college, some students decide to take one after under-graduate school and before graduate school or entering the workforce. If a gap year is planned properly, it can help a students take school and life more seriously impacting their entire life. In the UK and similarly in Australia, 11% of university bound students take a gap year (MacDonald 1). Meaning, that almost one in ten students, in the UK and Australia, whom already were planning on attending a university, take part in a gap year. One reason gap years have become popular is that parents have noticed that students are going to college because it is expected of them or for the social aspect, not because they have clear education or career goals in mind (Bull 77). This causes some parents to rethink the idea of a gap year, because college tuition is increasing every year and they do not want to send their child to school if they are not going for the right reasons. Most ‘gappers’ choose to take a gap year because they want adventure, independence, or they want something more that... ...ons of College and Experiences of Stress Prior to and Through the College Career.† College Student Journal 47.4 (2013): 635-643. OmniFile. Web. 19 March 2014. MacDonald, G. Jeffery. â€Å"Gap Year ‘Before College Gives Grads Valuable Life Experiences.‘† USA Today 18 June 2008: 1-3. USAToday.com. Web. 14 March 2014. O’Shea, Joseph. â€Å"Delaying the Academy: A Gap Year Education.† Teaching in Higher Education 16.5 (2011). 565-577. Web. 16 March 2014. Sarouhan, Jane and Sarouhan, Jason. â€Å"Your Goals, Your Life, Your Gap Year.† CollegeXPress Magazine (2013): 22-25. OmniFile. Web. 14 March 2014. Sutherland, Paige. â€Å"College Offers to Pay Students to Take Time Off.† APFinancial News (2014): 1-2. Newswires. Web. 14 March 2014. Torpey, Elka Maria. â€Å"Gap year: Time Off with A Plan.† Occupational Outlook Quarterly 53.3 (2009): 26-31. Business Source Complete. Web. 14 March 2014.

Dress for Success

Assignment #9 – Dress for Success 1. Do you think Cohen had a right to be offended? Why or why not? Cohen had not a right to be offended. She rebuked and wasn’t allowed to attend such an internal meeting; I think it is not appropriate. The older colleague could understand her that was not right dress for the company and she should not attire such dress another time. The colleague could allow her in such internal meeting for first time. The company does not provide the dress information before the meeting; it is the company’s mistake.And Cohen as a new employee, she is unable to know the dress rule for the meeting. So Cohen should have right to attend the meeting at this time. To fix the problem, the company should have dress code policies that include accessory item as well. And each employee must receive a copy of the policy. 2. Does an employer have an unfettered right to set a company’s dress code? Why or why not? Of course, the employer have an unfette red right to set a company’s dress code.The employer has the power to set a company’s dress code, based on the employees is dependency relationship to company. Although I think that the employer should consider many more factors such as belief, values of employees before setting a dress code. A distinct dress code makes a company distinct which will help the company to maintain brand retention and loyalty. When an employer hired the new employees, they should tell the rule of dress code to the new employees. To do so it can drive the employees know and willing to conform the company’s dress code.And setting a dress code in the workplace will have various benefits to the employees as well as to the company. Firstly, having a dress code will ensure that everyone understands what is expected of them and allows protection for the business. Secondly, by having a policy that stipulates what is appropriate and inappropriate this will also ensure that the business and i ts employees can be free of some forms of sexual harassment or favoritism based on a provocative style of a person's clothes.Thirdly, in order to maintain a professional appearance, managers need to dress slightly better than their employees but still within a comfortable or safe realm befitting their work area. 3. How far would you go to conform to an organization’s dress code? If your boss dressed in a relatively formal manner, would you feel compelled to dress in a like manner to manage impressions? I will be highly conformed to an organization’s dress code. An organization the power to set the dress code, I am the employee and am dependency relationship with the organization; so I have no choice beside conform to the dress code.And the dress code can be the rules of the company, I must follow the rules. Boss has the coercive, reward, and legitimate power. So there is no alternative of ingratiation to manage the impression of boss, so I will follow all the ways (exc ept unethical) to ingratiate the boss. If my boss is dressed in a relatively formal manner, I will try to follow my boss’s formality which he/she likes. But I will not feel compelled to dress in a like manner to manage impressions.

Discussing The Playing Field Of Gender And Communication

Gender and Communication Eftagine Fevilien Miami Dade College Author Note Generalizations that can be valued when communicating across the gender line. Abstract Men and women practice enormously different identities and communication curriculums, even if they are raised by the same parents, well sophisticated in the same faculties, have the same career and live in similar state. The reason for that is because there are dissimilar rules of communication that are distinctive to each other. These instructions are recognized by all grown-up members of that sexual category, however because men and women conduct themselves according to two different single sets of rules about what is correct and what is not correct, communication accidents†¦show more content†¦The second characteristic of women’s communication is that they need a responses back from the other individual. Women will try to continue and keep the conversation going by asking all the questions if necessary. Third, women are more expected to use responses like â€Å"Right† and â€Å"oh really† just to spice things up and encouraging the person in continuin g the conversation. Even though, those pleasant confident answers do not essentially show agreement with the statements made by the chatty companion. But, since men have a habit of saying these responses only when they come to an agreement with the talker, they may misapprehend women’s use of responses. On the other hand, a woman may think that her male conversational companion is not paying attention or listening to her because these hints are omitted from his dialogue. Fourth, when women are rudely interrupted while talking, they become silent. Basically, they refuse to join any more in the conversation. Lastly, women normally use the words â€Å"I†, â€Å"you† and â€Å"we† just so they can be aware of the presence of the other talker rather than normal use of the first person. Differences in Relationship Women seek out relationships with others for partnership, management and support and make decisions based on common arrangement. Women wish for friendship, intimacy and similarity. They look for